Richard E. Mayer’s Multimedia Learning Principles are focused on enhancing learning through the use of multimedia, including consistency, redundancy, continuity, modality, and personalization. In-game support often leverages these principles by providing visual and auditory assistance to players and allowing for personalization through customizable characters or avatars. Merrill’s Education Principles focus on the design and development of education, including activations, demonstrations, applications, integrations, and feedback. In-game support can utilize tutorial levels and instructions to enable prior knowledge, show players how to play the game, give them an opportunity to apply their knowledge, and provide feedback. However, some principles, such as transference and engagement, may be overlooked in games, which can negatively impact the learning experience.

In the context of reducing plastic waste in school cafeterias, the use of media or multimedia can be effective in designing a campaign to encourage the use of reusable containers and utensils. Interactive web-based modules can provide step-by-step guidance and interactive exercises to reinforce learning objectives. Video tutorials can demonstrate effective communication strategies, while virtual reality simulations can provide a realistic environment for students to practice campaign strategies and observe the impact of their actions on the environment and community.

Applying Merrill’s Education Principles, real problems can be presented to challenge students to find solutions. Demonstrations can provide examples of effective communication strategies and best practices for planning and executing campaigns. Students can then apply what they learn in simulated or real-world settings and receive feedback on their performance. Integration can connect learning goals to students’ previous knowledge and future goals, encouraging reflection on the impact of learning and action. Differentiation can be achieved through the use of multiple modalities and formats to accommodate different learning styles and preferences.

Constructive alignment and backward design are course design frameworks commonly used in educational institutions to ensure alignment between intended learning outcomes, teaching and learning activities, and assessment methods. Both frameworks can be effective in designing courses with a clear focus on achieving the intended learning outcomes. However, it is important to ensure consistency between the intended learning outcomes, teaching and learning activities, and assessments to avoid confusion and inconsistency in the learning experience. Therefore, the use of constructive alignment and backward design principles is crucial in designing effective courses